Motor control



H. R. WEST Oct. 10, 1939.

MOTOR CONTROL Filed Dec. 20, 1935 5 Sheets-Sheet l B. fdRWARD n R M R Inventor: Ham" FfiWeST ii Z ' is Attorne g.

n H mm R n E MM n m w m 6 a m R w MM H H M 0- M r G W K A R B H. R. WEST MOTOR CONTROL Oct. 10, 1939.

Filed Dec. 20, 1935 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Invent or: Harv b M MM R. West is AttOTTWe H.

H. R. WEST MOTOR CONTROL Oct. 10, 1939.

Filed Dec. 20, 1955 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 In vent OT Haw" 1:35

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HIS Attorrwe g.

Patented Oct. 10, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE eral York Electric Company, a corporation or New Application December 20, 1935, Serial No. 55,381 87 Claims. (Cl. 172-233) My invention relates to electric motor control systems, and more particularly to electric braking of capacitor motors.

The term electric braking is used in opposition to mechanical braking, whether or not the mechanical brake is electrically controlled. Electric braking depends upon changes in the motor connections and includes dynamic braking and plugging. The latter comprises changing the motor connections so as to reverse the torque.

In general a capacitor motor is an induction motor adapted for self-starting from a singlephase alternating current circuit by means 01 a capacitor (static electric condenser) which produces phase splitting. The motor may have equal or unequal windings displaced in space phase by any convenient number of electrical degrees and the capacitor may either be permanently connected in the motor circuit or it may merely be used for starting purposes and be disconnected by a suitable centrifugal device when the motor gets up to speed. However, the type of capacitor motor with which I intend particularly to practice my invention corresponds closely to a two- 25 phase induction motor in that it has substantially equal windings having their axes in electrical quadrature. The windings are V-connected with a capacitor permanently connected to close the V. Such a motor is well adapted for reversible an operation and is used quite extensively to operate induction voltage regulators and tap changing mechanisms for load ratio control transformers.

In regulating apparatus of the above descrip tion it is necessary to provide braking means so that when the proper degree of regulation has been attained the apparatus can be quickly stopped so as to prevent over-running or hunting of the regulating system. Heretoi'ore such braking has been accomplished by electro-magnetically controlled mechanical brakes. such brakes are relatively expensive and require considerable attention and upkeep. I am aware that electric braking bothoi the dynamic and plugging types is old and well known in the art but so far as I am aware this kind of braking has never been applied to capacitor motors or to any kind of motor in the manner of my invention.

In accordance with one form of my invention I secure dynamic braking 01' a capacitor motor by short-circuiting the capacitor while the motor is connected to the line. In another form of my invention I secure dynamic braking of a capacitor motor by applying line voltage to the motor at However,

the electrical midpoint of an inductive winding whose terminals are connected to the terminals of the capacitor. In still another form of my invention I control the plugging connection or a capacitor motor in response to an electrical quan- 6 tity associated with the capacitor motor and which varies in accordance with the speed or the motor.

However, although the various features of my invention are particularly well adapted to electric braking of capacitor motors, I wish it to be 10 understood that they are not limited in application to such motors and that they may be applied generally to all kinds of motors and particularly to induction motors, whether polyphase or single phase and if single phase, whether resistive or 15 reactive split phase.

An object of my invention is to provide new and improved systems of electric motor control.

Another object of my invention'is to provide new and improved systems of automatically con- 20 trolled electric braking of electric motors.

A further object of my invention is to provide new and improved systems of automatically braking capacitor motors with alternating current.

My invention will be better understood from 25 the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.

In the drawings, Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic simplified showing of a manually controlled cir- 3O cuit for dynamically braking a capacitor motor by short-circuiting the capacitor; Figs. 2 and 3 show successively developed equivalent circuits to the braking circuit of Fig. 1 for illustrating the principle of operation of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 illustrates 35 the braking characteristic of the circuit of Fig.

1; Fig. 5 illustrates a simplified automatic control for the braking circuit of Fig. 1; Fig. 6 illustrates diagrammatically another simplified form of automatically controlled dynamic braking circult for a capacitor motor; Fig. 7 is a simplified diagrammatic circuit of an automatically controlled plugglng connection for a capacitor motor; Fig. 8 is a locus diagram for explaining the operation of Fig. '7; Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic showing 45 of a reversible control system for a capacitor motor embodying the automatic dynamic braking circuit shown in Fig. 5 which is adapted for use with reversibly operated apparatus such as motor operated regulators; Fig. 10 illustrates how the 50 circuit of Fig. 9 can be applied to a three-phase induction motor; Fig. 11 bears the same relation to Fig. 6 as Fig. 9 does to Fig. 5; Fig. 12 bears them-relation to Fig. '7 as Figs. 9 and 11 do to Figs. 5 and 6, respectively; Fig. 13 is a modifica- 55 tion of Fig. 11 in which the dynamic braking connection is automatically followed by a momentary plugging connection; Fig. la illustrates a circuit for a capacitor motor in which braking is secured by establishing a plugging connection for a pre= determined time, and Fig. 15 is another modification in which a motor operated drag switch controls the breaking of a plugging connection.

Referring now to the drawings, and more par ticularly to Fig. 1 thereof, there is shown therein a capacitor motor having a squirrel cage or short-circuited rotor i, and a pair of stator wind= ings 2 and 3 spaced 90 electrical degrees apart and V-connected with a capacitor i permanently connected across the open part of the V-CUDHGG" tion. A manually operable switch h is arranged to control a connection between the motor and a single-phase alternating current supply circuit 6. Switch 5 comprises a of fixed contacts J and 8 connected respectively'to the terminals oi? the capacitor ii and a movable contact member 9 which is mounted on a universal joint til, moving the member 9 so that it engages the corntact l the motor will be energised for forward. rotation and the current the winding 3 will lead the current in the winding 2 became the capacitor l is in series with the winding 3. it the movable member 9 is brought into engagement with the contact ii instead of the contact 7 the motor will be energized for reverse rotation because then the current in the winding 2 will lead the current in the winding 3 because the capacitor t will then be in series with the winding 2 with respect to the supply circuit. The movable contact member 9 is long enough so that it can also be moved into a position where it bridges the contacts '1 and 8 thereby short-circulting the capacitor ii. With such a connection I have found that there is a decided braking action and if the motor is running when this connection is made the motor will be rapidly decelerated.

While a complete theoretical explanation of this braking action is quite complicated, a rela tively simple explanation is as follows: The stator phase windings 2 and 3 may be replaced by their equivalent vertical and horizontal components. For example, as shown in Fig. 2, the winding 2 is replaced by a vertical winding 2v and a horizontal winding hand the number of turns of the vertical and horizontal windings iv and 2b are so proportioned that the resultant field produced by these two windings will have exactly the same magnitude and direction as that produced by the winding 2. Similarly, the winding 3 may be replaced by the components 3v and 3h. As the condenser i is short=circuited it can be omitted so that Fig. 2 is equivalent to Fig. 1 when the braking connection is established by the switch member 9 bridging the contacts 71 and ii."

The line currents in Fig. 2 are indicated by the solid arrows. These are, or course, repre= sentations of the instantaneous currents and as shown they enter the motor stator windings by the upper conductor of circuit 6 and then divide and fiow downward through the winding iv and 3v and then inwardly to the center through the windings Zn and 9m and out by the lower conductor of circuit 6. As the windings 2 and 3 of Fig. 1 are substantially equal the wind ings 2v and iv are equal and the windings 2n and 3b are equal. Consequently, the line currents divide equally through the windings 2v and 3v and due to the fact that they are flowing in opposite instantaneous directions through the windings 2n and 3b, which are on the same core, the effects of the horizontal currents cancel each other so that there is no horizontal flux and the stator windings of Fig. 2 are the equivalent of a single vertical winding producing a single alternating vertical flux in the motor. However, if the rotor i of the motor is turning currents will be induced in it due to the rotation in the vertical alternating field and these currents will produce a horizontal, or the so-called quadrature, field which is present in single phase induction motors. This horizontal alternating field being in line with the winding is and 3h will induce a circulating current therein which is indicated by the dashed arrows. The instantaneous direction or this circulating current is opposite with respect to the two vertical windings iv and (iv and as these windings are on the same core their inductive effects with respect to this cur-- rent neutralize each other so that with respect to the circulating current it is though the horizontal components 211 and $11 were short-sir" cuited.

Consequently Fig. 2 reduces to Fig. 3 wherein the motor has a single vertical winding for producing a vertical alternating field and has a short-circuited quadrature winding. The horizontal winding tends substantially to damp out the horizontal or quadrature flux in the motor thereby substantially eliminating the rotating field which otherwise would be present if the rotor were turning. Consequently the rotor conductors in turning through the vertical stator field have currents induced therein which according to Lenz's law will be in such instantaneous directions as to produce a magnetic interaction with the vertical stator field tending to oppose the rotation. This, therefore, produces a braking action. in a manner analogous to that which would be produced in an eddy current brake or in the motor of Fig. 3 if the vertical winding were energized by direct current. With direct current the rotor current would be continuous while the motor was decelerating, whereas with alternating current the rotor currents alternate with the same frequency as the vertical field and their instantaneous directions are always such as to oppose the rotation thereby producing a continuous or substantially continuous braking action.

It will be observed that the braking circuit of Fig. 1 corresponds to a two-phase induction niotor whose two phase windings are connected in parallel across one of the phases of the twophase supply circuit, because when the capacitor l is short-circuited the circuit is just as though the capacitor were not present. It will also be noted that substantially the same braking action can be secured by merely short-circuiting one of the phase windings of two-phase induction motor whose other phase remains connected to one of the phases of the supply circuit. Fig. 3 may be considered as actually showing such a connection.

The characteristic of the braking action secured in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 is shown in Fig. 4. As will be seen from the curve, the speed during braking decreases relatively rapidly and the slope of the curve, that is to say the braking effect is roughly proportional to the speed. At a relatively low value of speed sufficient torque may be developed to keep the motor running. This torque and speed depend upon theresistance of the rotor, the higher the rotor resistance the 7s lower speed and torque, while the lower the resistance of the rotor the higher the motoring speed and torque. The rotor I is therefore preterably a relatively high'resistance rotor. However. with a reasonably high resistance rotor the motoring speed is so low that it the supply circuit is interrupted at this speed the motor'will come to rest substantially immediately.

In Fig. is shown one way of automatically disconnecting the motor from the supply circuit when the braking action has substantially ceased. This comprises a relay having its winding l I connected. in parallel with the capacitor 4 and having a set of contacts I! for connecting one side of the supply circuit to the electrical midpoint of the winding ll. With such an arrangement if the rotor I is turning and the contacts II are closed. the line current will tend to divide equally between the two halves of the winding II and will thereby energize the motor as in Fig. 1. The

circulating current described in connection with Fig. 2, will ilow through winding ll thereby holding the contacts I 2. The relay of Fig. 5 is preferably a relatively low impedance relay so that most of the circulating current will flow through the winding II rather than through the capacitor 4 thereby approximating the short-circuiting braking connection of Fig. 1. When the motor is at standstill or runnnig at very low speed insufllclent circulating current will flow to hold the relay closed and consequently the circuit will be deenerglzed.

Another automatic arrangement is shown in Fig. 6. Here a high impedance reactor l3 and a high impedance relay l4 are connected in parallel with the capacitor 4. When the relay is energized, line voltage will be applied through the relay contacts to the electrical midpoint of the reactor. The impedance of the reactor and the relay in parallel are considerably higher than that of the capacitor. Fbr most eiIective braking action, it is desirable that the impedance otfered to the current circulating between the motor windings and the external impedances should be a minimum. In other words, that there should be resonance produced by the neutralization of the impedance of the motor windings by the capacitive impedance of the capacitor and the external reactor in parallel. When the motor is running at a substantial speed, the voltage across the capacitor and relay will be suiilcient to keep the relay energized. At standstill or very low speed the relay armature will drop and the entire circuit will be deenergized. It is desirable that the impedance of the reactor l3 and the relay l4 should be considerably higher than that of the capacitor for two reasons. First, a certain amount of equivalent capacitance is necessary to give the desired motoring and braking action. If a low inductance reactor were used, that would be equivalent to reducing the capacitance of the capacitor. In the second place, it is desirable to have a large inductance in the reactor in order to force substantially equal division of line current between the two halves of the reactor. The reactor should be so designed that there will be but very little impedance offered to the flow, oi line current from the midpoint to the two terminals of the reactor.

Thus in Fig. 6 the braking action is secured by the combination of the circulating current flowing through the relatively low impedance substantially resonant circuit and the excitation of the windings 2 and I in parallel. When the voltage drop across the capacitor 4 decreases due to a decrease in circulating current below a predetermined value the relay M drops out thereby deenergizing the circuit.

In Fig. I there is shown an automatic circuit for maintaining a plugging connection untilthe motor is at rest or at very low speed. This is done by controlling the maintenance of the plugging connection in response to an electrical quantity associated with the motor and which varies in accordancewith the speed of the motor. The specific quantity which is used in Fig. 7 is the voltage across the capacitor 4 and'advantage is taken of the fact that the phase of this voltage varies relatively widely with changes in speed of the motor. Reversing connections are made through the contacts of a relay l5 and the winding of this relay is connected across the line in series with the secondary winding of a high reactance transformer I8 whose primary winding is connected in series with a resistance II across the capacitor 4. The ratio of the resistance ll to the reactance of transformer I! is so adjusted that a desired phase angle between the voltage drop XI across the reactance transformer and the voltage of the line is secured. The turn ratio of the transformer I6 is such that the voltage Ex across the transformer is substantially equal to the voltage of the line when the motor speed is substantially zero. The voltage across the winding of relay II, indicated by Er, is then the vector difference between'the voltage across the line indicated by Eilne and the voltage Ex across the secondary winding of transformer I6.

The operation of Fig. '1 can best be understood by reference to the locus vector diagram in Fig. 8.; The horizontal vector Eline is the voltage of supply circuit 6. The vector is the current through the capacitor 4, the phase angle of which, as is well known, varies considerably with charges in speed of the motor. Ic is shown for three speeds designated by S=--l, 8:0, and S=+1 respectively, where S is the ratio of the rotor speed to the synchronous speed of the rotating stator field. As shown, Io is most leading when S=-l, which corresponds to the time when energization is first applied and when the speed of the motor is negative or in the opposite direction with respect to the rotating stator field. This current becomes progressively less leading as the speed passes through zero and the motor starts to operate in the motoring direction. The vector Ec, representing the voltage drop across the capacitor 4, also varies relatively widely in phase, corresponding to the changes in phase oi the current 10. The voltage drops LI and XI across the resistance ll and the reactance transormer it are shown for the particular value of Ea corresponding to zero speed of the motor. Ex which is in phase with XI is the voltage across the secondary winding of the transformer l6 and as shown is substantially equal to the line voltage. The difference between these two voltages is the vector Er which is the voltage applied to the relay l5. At speed S=l corresponding to synchronous speed in the reverse direction, that is to say substantially to the speed when the plugging connection is first established, the difierence Er between Ex and Ellhe is much greater. Consequently, the voltage applied to the operating winding of relay I5 can be made high enough to hold this relay closed when the plugging connection is first established and to maintain it closed until the motor speed is reduced substantially to zero. At a voltage Er corresponding to zero speed the relay i5 can be calibrated to drop alat out. It will be noted that Er continues to become smaller after the direction of rotation oi. the motor reverses so that even it the calibration is not very accurate there is no danger that the motor can continue to picl: up speed in the reverse direction for the relay will be found to drop out soon after reversal if it does not drop out ca actly at or just before zero speed is reached.

In Fig. 9 is shown a complete control system embodying the braking circuit of Fig. 5. This system is well adapted to control the motors for operating regulators or regulating rheostats. it comprises a set or" main control contacts 518 and 69 for controlling the direction of operation or the motor. These contacts may be the raise and lower contacts of a contact melting voltmeter or any other suitable electro-responsive control de vice or they may merely be manually operable as shown. If they are the relatively delicate con tacts of an electro-responslve control' device it is preferable that they control the various cir cuits through intermediate relays rather than directly, and consequently intermediate relays 2 and ii are shown under the control of contacts 323 and ill, respectively.

In operation, when the contacts ill are closed relay is energized thereby completing a cir cult through a set of contacts 2?. on the relay for operating the motor in a forward direction. When the contacts ill are again opened the relay all drops out thereby closing a set or contacts which completes a circuit through the relay winding ii and a set of contacts 2 5 on the relay 2i. The transient voltage which persists between the motor terminals for a few cycles the serves to cause the relay H to close its contacts i2. This, in eliect, connects the windings 2 and 3 of the motor across the supply circult t. The braking action will then commence and will continue until the motor is substantially a rest, as has already been described in connection with Fig. 5. In a similar manner, it the contacts it are closed the relay 2! picks up thereby closing a set of contacts 25 which operate the motor in the reverse direction and when the contacts are opened the relay 2i dropsout thereby completing the circuit through the winding ii which has already been described. it will therefore be seen that in Fig. 9 there is provided a circuit which selectively controls the operation of the motor in either direction and automatically applies dynamic braking whenever it is desired to discontinue either forward or reverse operation and this braking connection is automatically maintained until the motor comes to rest or substantially to rest, whereupon the entire circuit is automatically deenergized.

10 shows substantially the same system as is shown in 9 applied to the control or" a three-phase induction motor. There is one other difference and that is that instead of bringing the line connection for braking in at the middle point of the winding ii of the relay it is brought in at the electrical midpoint of an auxiliary reactor The third phase winding of the motor is shown at ii.

The operation of Fig. 10 is as follows: When contacts 33 are closed and relay 2b is energized sets of contacts. and 29 are closed thereby connectlng the windings 2 and 3 of the motor to two or" the conductors-of a three-phase circuit 35 and the circuit for the motor is completed through the remaining winding 2'1? to the remaining conductor of circuit 3d. The motor will then operate in the forward direction. if new contacts ill are separated the relay drops out thereby closing a set or contacts Iii whereby a substantial short circuit is produced across the windings and 3 through the relay winding II. This causes the relay operated by the winding ii to pich up whereby single-phase power is applied to the motor through'contacts 32 of the relay and the midpoint of reactor 26. The current divides equally and flows through the windings and 3 and back to the circuit 36 through the winding 53?. Auxiliary contacts 33 are provided for preventing current from flowing through the reactor 26 during the forward or reverse operation of the motor. The braking action is similar to the braking action in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 9 because the winding 2V is vertical and merely adds to the vertical component of the windings Z and 3 and the horizontal components are in effect short-circuited with respect to the circulating current, as has already been explained. For reverse operation the relay it is energized through the contacts l9, thereby closing sets or contacts 3% and 3b which reverse the phase rotation of the motor thereby causing it to operate in the reverse direction. When contacts ii] are again opened the relay it drops out thereby closing a set of contacts 3; whereby the braking circuit is established.

In Fig. ii is shown a complete control system embodying the braking modification shown in Fig. 6. The control contacts l8 and i9 and the relays 2B and 2!] correspond to those in Fig. 9. In operation when the contacts l8 are closed the relay Bil closes its contacts 22 which establishes a circuit for forward rotation of the motor, as in Fig. 9. Relay M is also energized by the voltage across the capacitor 4 and closes its contacts at this time. When the contacts i8 are separated the relay 20 drops out and its contacts 23 close before relay M has time to open its contacts whereby line voltage is applied, through the contacts 23 and 24 in series with the contacts of the relay M, to the midpoint of the reactor l3. Consequently, a single phase field is applied to the motor and the dynamic braking circuit is established and is maintained until the circulating current falls to such a low value, corresponding substantially to motor standstill, that the relay M drops out, thereby deenergizing the entire system. In a similar manner, when reverse rotation is desired the contacts i9 are closed whereby the relay 2i closes its contacts 25 which complete the circuit for energizing the motor for reverse operation. When the contacts l9 open the relay 2i drops out closing its contacts 24 which together with the contacts 23 and the contacts of relay i l complete the energizing circuit for the dynamic braking circuit. This will continue until the motor is substantially at rest when the relay id drop-s out thereby entirely deenergizing the motor.

In Fig. 12 there is shown diagrammatically a complete system embodying the principle of Fig. '7. In this figure an auxiliary relay J'l is provided for maln'ng the plugging connections for the motor. The operation is as follows: When contacts l8 are closed relays iii and 20 are energized in series. Current flows from the lower conductor of circuit 6 through contacts 22 of relay 20, a set of contacts 38 on relay 3'5, through the motor and back through a conductor 39 to the other side of the supply circuit t. The motor then operates in the forward direction. If now contacts l8 are opened relay I-l'l is immediately deenergized but relay 28 remains energized through the following holding circuit: From the upper conductor oi circuit through aconductor ll, the lei't hand half of the secondary winding of reactance transformer- II, a conductor it, closed contacts II, the winding of relay and back to the other side of the supply circuit O. Consequently there is applied to the winding 20 a voltage which is the vector difierence between the voltage oi circuit I and of the voltage of the secondary winding of reactanoe m transformer it. Current then iiows through the go completely deenergizing the circuit.

on relay 31. When it is desired to stop the motor the switch I! will be opened thereby causing relay :5 81 to drop out but relay II will be maintained energized through a conductor 44 and contacts 24 which complete a circuit for applying to the winding of relay 2| a voltage which is the dinerence betwen the line voltage and the voltage across the right hand half of the secondary winding of the transformer i6. Consequently, the connections of the motor will be reversed through a set 01 contacts on relay 31. This plugging connection will be maintained until the motor is substantially at rest when the relay 2i will drop out thereby restoring the circuit to a completely deenergized state as shown in the drawing. The reason only half the secondary winding oi reactancetransi'ormer i6 is used each time is that the phase of the voltage across the capacitor reverses when the motor voltage is reversed. However the !voltage 01' the two halves of this winding are 0pposite in phase so that the proper phase relation of the reactive component of the capacitor voltage is always inserted in each holding circuit.

Fig. 13 illustrates a modification of Fig. 11 in that a plugging connection is established momentarily after the application of the dynamic braking. This is accomplished by the addition of auxiliary relays 46 and 41. The operation is as follows: If contacts it are closed long enough to bring the motor up to speed the following sequence of operation will take place. When contacts i8 close relays 48 and 20 are energized in series and line voltage will be applied, through a set of contacts 48-onrelay 20 in series with a set of contacts" on relay 41, to one side of the motor, the return circuit being through a conductor 50. The motor then comes up to speed in the forward direction. When the contacts I! are again opened relay 20 drops out opening the motor circuit at contacts 48. At the same time a circuit is completed through a set of contacts ii on relay 20 and a set of contacts 52 on relay 48 in series to the midpoint of reactor l3, thereby establishing the dynamic braking connection for the motor. The relay 46 is maintained energized through a set of contacts 53 thereon which connect the operating winding of the relay across a winding 54 which-is inductively related to the reactor II and which consequently has a current induced therein proportional to the circulating current which exists during the dynamic braking. Also at the same time a circuit is completed through a set 01 contacts BI on relay 20 and a set 01' conoperating winding oi relay 2i.

tacts II on relay 4! in series for energizing the As soon as the dynamic braking action has substantially ceased the relay ll drops out whereby a plugging circuit is momentarily completed through contacts I1 01 relay II and a set of contacts 5| on relay 48 which tends to reverse the motor. This plugging circuit is only maintained momentarily because as the relay 4. has dropped out its contacts 56 have opened so that the relay 2| is deenergized. However, by properly proportioning the time of dropout of the relays the dynamic braking and the plugging may be relatively proportioned so as to produce a desired quick and complete stopping of the motor. For reverse operation the contacts I! are-closed whereby the motor is energized by the contacts 51 of relay II the contacts 58 of relay It in series. When the contacts I! are again separated contacts 89 on relay 2| and contacts 60 on relay 41 complete the dynamic braking circuit to the midpoint of the reactor II and the relay 4! is maintained energized through its contacts 6| connecting its winding acros the winding 54. Contacts 62 on relay 2i and contacts 63 on relay v 41 energize the relay 20 so that when the dynamic braking action ceases and the relay 4! drops out the connections to the motor are reversed through the contacts ll oi. relay 20 and 49 oi relay 41 for the short interval of time required for the relay 2!] to drop out.

In Fig. 14 the braking of a capacitor motor is secured by maintaining a plugging connection for a predetermined time by means of predetermined time delay drop-out relays N and 65. In operation, when the contacts l8 are closed relays 20 and 64 pick up and the circuit for the motor is completed through contacts 22 on relay 20. When contacts II are again opened relay 20 drops out immediately thereby closing a set of contacts 86 in series with a set of contacts 61 on time delay relay 4. This completes a plugging connection to the motor which is maintained for a predetermined time determined by the setting of relay 64. Similarly, ior reverse operation when contacts i 9 are closed relays 2i and 25 pick up at once thereby causing contacts 24 to open and ii to close and energize the motor. When contacts I9 separate a plugging connection is established through contacts I on relay 2i and contacts 69 on relay in series and this reverse connection is maintained for a predetermined time determined by the time setting 01' relay 8!.

In Fig. 15 the plugging connections for braking are controlled by a drag switch 10 operated by friction from the motor shaft. The operation is as follows: When contacts I! are closed and the relay 20 closes its contacts 22 the motor comes up to speed in the forward direction of rotation as indicated by the arrow. A circuit is simultaneously completed through a set of contacts ii on relay 20 and the closed contacts of the drag switch 10 for an auxiliary relay [2. Relay 12 then closes its contacts 13 so that when contacts I! are again opened and relay 20 closes a set of contacts H in'series with contacts 13, a plugging connection for the motor is completed. This plugging is maintained until the motor starts to turn in the reverse direction when the drag switch 10 opens its contacts thereby deenergizing the auxiliary relay 12 which then drops out breaking the circuit for the plugging connection at the contacts 13. In a like manner for reverse rotation when the contacts iii are closed and the relay 2i picks up the motor is energized through contacts 24. Simultaneously a set of contacts 15 on relay 2| close thereby energizing an auxiliary relay I8 through drag switch 10 which will then move to its other position due to reverse rotation. This relay closes a set of contacts 11 which complete a plugging connection to the motor through a set 01' contacts 18 on relay 2| when it drops out as a result of the opening of the contacts 19.

While I have shownv and described particular embodiments of my invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modiflcations may be made without departing from my invention, and I therefore aim in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of my invention.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. In a system of motor control, an alternating current circuit, an alternating current motor having two angularly displaced stator windings for producing a rotating magnetic field, and means for initiating dynamic braking of said motor while it is rotating and independently of the r0- tor position comprising apparatus for energizing said windings from said circuitwith two inphase alternating currents and providing a relatively low impedance path exclusive of said alternating current circuit for current to circulate between said windings.

2. In a system of motor control, an alternating current circuit, an alternating current motor having two angularly displaced stator windings for producing a rotating magnetic field, and means for initiating dynamic braking of said motor while it is rotating and independently of the rotor position comprising apparatus for energizing said windings from said circuit with two inphase alternating currents which produce substantially equal ampere-turns in each winding and providing a relatively low impedance path exclusive of said alternating current circuit for current to circulate between said windings.

3. 'In a system of motor control, an alternating current circuit, an alternating current motor having two angularly displaced stator windings, and means including a reactive winding for establishing dynamic braking connections for said motor which comprises a connection from one side of said circuit to the electrical midpoint of said reactive winding, a connection i'rom the other side of said circuit to one terminal each of said stator windings, and connections between the reactive winding terminals and the remaining two stator winding terminals respectively.

4. In combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor, means including two sets of main control contacts which when they are non-contemporaneously closed control respectively connections for operating the motor from the supply circuit in forward and reverse directions, and relay means responsive to the opening of either one of said sets of contacts when the other set is already open for automatically establishing electric braking connections between said supply circuit and said motor.

5. In combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor, means including separate sets of main control contacts which control selectively when they are non-contemporaneously closed connections for energizing said motor from said circuit for forward and reverse operation, and. means responsive to the opening of either one of said sets of contacts while the other set is open for automatically establishing electric braking connections between said motor and said circuit and for maintaining said braking connections until said motor is at standstill or substantially at standstill.

6. In combination, a capacitor motor, an alternating current supply circuit, means including two sets of control contacts for controlling respectively connections for energizing said motor for forward or reverse operation from said alternating current circuit when said contacts are closed, means responsive to the opening of either set of control contacts when the other set is already open for making an electric braking connection between said motor and said circuit, and means responsive to an electrical condition of the capacitor of said motor for maintaining said electric braking connection until said motor is at standstill or substantially at standstill.

'7. In a system of motor control, a capacitor motor provided with a phase-splitting capacitor, an alternating current supply circuit, means for establishing an electric braking connection between said motor and said circuit which renders ineffective the phase-splitting effect of said capacitor, and automatic means for maintaining said electric braking connection until the motor is substantially at rest and for thereafter causing disconnection of said motor from said supply circuit.

8. In combination, a self-starting single-phase induction motor of the type which is provided with a phase splitting capacitor, said motor having a running circuit including a set of running terminals and a braking circuit including a set of electric braking terminals, an alternating current supply .circuit, control means including connection for first connecting said supply circuit to said running terminals so as to complete said running circuit and including additional connections for subsequently connecting said. supply circuit to said braking terminals so as to complete said braking circuit, means for producing a voltage across said capacitor which is a function of the speed of said motor when said supply circult is connected to said braking terminals comprising connections between said capacitor and said braking circuit, and means controlled by said capacitor voltage for disconnecting said supply circuit from said braking terminals when said motor is substantially at rest.

9. In a system of motor control, an induction motor having stator windings and a rotor, an alternating current supply circuit, means to produce a rotating magnetic field for operating said motor comprising first connections for energizing said stator windings from said supply circuit, and means to produce a stationary periodically reversing field for dynamically braking said motor comprising second connections for energizing said windings from said circuit, and means responsive to a function of the current in said windings while said motor is being dynamically braked for maintaining said dynamic braking connection until said motor is substantially at rest and for subsequently causing disconnection of said motor from said supply circuit.

10. In a system of motor control, a capacitor motor provided with a phase-splitting capacitor, an alternating current supply circuit, means for establishing an electric braking connection between said motor and said circuit which renders ineiiective a phase-splitting eii'ect of said capacitor, and means responsive to an electrical quantity associated with said motor which is a function of the speed of said motor while it is being electrically braked for maintaining said electric braking connection until themotor is substantially at rest and for thereafter ca using disconnection of said motor from said supply circuit.

11. In a system of motor control, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having windings which produce a rotating magnetic field, and circuit controlling means for ccnnect ing said motor to said circuit for running and for dynamic braking independently of the rotor position of said motor, said dynamic braking connection including means for eflectiv'ely short circuiting the capacitor of said motor while both its terminals are connected to the motor windings for a period of time during which the rotor of said motor turns thru a substantial angle.

12. In a system of motor control, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having windings which produce a rotating magnetic field, and circuit controlling means for connect-- ing said motor to said circuit for running and for dynamic braking with alternating current independently of the rotor position 01' said motor, said dynamic braking connection including means for effectively short circuiting the capacitor of said motor while both its terminals are connected to the motor windings for a period of time during which the rotor of said motor turns thru a substantial angle.-

13. In a system of motor control, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having a relatively high resistance rotor, and circuit controlling means for connecting said motor to said circuit for running and for dynamic braking with alternating current independently of the rotor position of said motor, said dynamic braking connection modifying the circuit relationship between the capacitor of said motor and the rest of the motor while maintaining connections between both terminals of said capacitor and said motor. I e

14., In a system of motor control, analternating current circuit, a capacitor motor having windings which produce a rotating magnetic field, and means for dynamically braking said motor independently of the position of its rotor by energizing the windings of said motor from said circuit with two inphase alternating currents and providing a relatively low impedance path exclusive oi. said alternating circuit for current to circulate between said windings.

15. In a system of motor control, an alternating current circuit, a capacitor motor having two angularly displaced stator windings for producing a rotating magnetic field, and means for dynamically braking said motor independently of the position of its rotor by energizing said windings from said circuit with two inphase alternating currents which produce substantially eoual ampere-tums in each winding and providing a relatively low impedance path exclusive of said alternating current circuit' for currents which circulate between said windings.

16. In a system of motor control, an alternating current circuit, a capacitor motor having two angularly displaced stator windings for producing a rotating magnetic held, and means independent of the rotor position oi said motor for connecting said windings effectively in parallel across said circuit for dynamically braking said motor. I

17. In a system of motor control, an altenating current supply circuit, an induction motor having two substantially equal quadrature related windings,and means independent of the rotor position of said motor for connecting said windings to said circuit eflectively in parallel so as to produce a dynamic braking action.

18. In a system of motor control, a capacitor motor having a pair of stator windings and a phase splitting capacitor serially connected in a closed loop, an alternating current supply circuit, means to produce a stationary periodically reversing field for dynamically braking said motor comprising connections for energizing both of said windings across said supply circuit, said loop circuit having a circulating current induced therein during said dynamic braking, and-electroresponsive means responsive to the circulating current in the capacitor for controlling the maintenance or the braking connection.

19. In a motor control system, a motor having two stator windings and a phase splitting capacitor serially connected in a closed loop circuit, a reactor, an alternating current supply circuit, and dynamic braking connections for said motor comprising a parallel connection of said reactor and capacitor, a connection from one side of said supply circuit to the electrical midpoint of said reactor, and a connection from the other side of said supply circuit to the junction of said windings.

20. In a dynamic braking circuit, in combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having a pair of equal phase displaced stator windings and a phase splitting capacitorserially connected in a loop circuit, a reactor connected in parallel with the capacitor of said motor, a connection between one side oi said supply circuit and the electrical midpoint of said reactor, a connection between the other side of said circuit and the junction of said windings, the capacitor of said motor being so proportioned as substantially to neutralize the inductance of .the motor windings with respect to a current circulating in said closed loop.

21. In a system for dynamically braking a capacitor motor, in combination, a motor having a pair of equal phase displaced stator windings and a phase splitting capacitor serially connected in a closed loop, a reactor connected in parallel with said capacitor, an alternating current supply circuit, a connection between one side of said supply circuit and the electrical midpoint of said reactor, and a connection between the other side of said supply circuit and the junction point of said windings, the impedance of said reactor being substantially higher than the 1mpedance of said capacitor..

22. In a system of dynamically braking a capacitor motor, in combination, a motor having a pair of phase displaced stator windings and a phase splitting capacitor serially connected in a.

closed loop, a reactor connected in parallel with the capacitor of said motor, an alternating current supply circuit, means for connecting one side of said supply circuit to the electrical mid point of said reactor, and means for connecting the other side of said supply circuit to the junction of said windings, said reactor having a sufllciently high inductance to insure a substantially equal division of current between its two halves.

23. In a system of dynamically braking a capacitor motor, in combination, a motor having a pair of phase displaced stator windings and a phase splitting capacitor serially connected in a closed loop, a relatively high reactance reactor and a relatively high reactance relay winding connected in parallel with each other and in parallel with said capacitor, contacts controlled by said relay winding, an alternating current supply circuit, connections between one side of said supply circuit and the electrical midpoint of said reactor, and connections between the other side of said supply circuit and the junction of said windings, said contacts being serially connected in one of the two last mentioned connections.

24. In combination, an electric motor, an alternating current supply circuit, circuit controlling means for establishing a running connection between said motor and. said circuit, and means controlled by said circuit controlling means and responsive to the opening of said running con nection for automatically making a dynamic braking conection between said motor and said circuit, maintaining said dynamic braking connection until said motor is substantially at rest, and then making a momentary plugging connection between said circuit and said motor.

25. In combination, an electric supply circuit, an electric motor, means including two sets of control contacts which when they are individually closed control respectively connections between said motor and said circuit for forward and reverse operation of said motor, means responsive to the contemporaneous opening 0! both of said sets of control contacts for making a dynamic braking connection between said motor and said circuit, means for maintaining said dynamic braking connection until said motor is substantially at rest, and means for then making a momentary plugging connection between said motor and said circuit.

26. In combination, an electric motor, an electric supply circuit, a set of control contacts, separate intermediate relays for controlling connections between said motor and said circuit for forward and reverse operation, an auxiliary relay for controlling dynamic braking connections between said motor and said circuit, said control contacts being connected to energize simultaneously the intermediate relay for controlling the forward operation and the auxiliary relay, contacts on the intermediate relay for preventing the application of dynamic braking when said intermedi-- ate relay is energized, connections completed by the deenergization of said intermediate relay for completing the dynamic braking connection and for maintaining the auxilary relay energized, and connections completed by the deenergization of said intermediate relay and said auxiliary relay for energizing the other intermediate relay for controlling reverse operation, contacts on said auxiliary relay for preventing completion of the connections for reverse operation whereby when said auxiliary relay drops out a momentary plugging connection is made between said motor and said circuit. 7

27. A system of motor control comprising, in combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having a pair of windings for producing a rotating magnetic field, and means which is independent of the rotor position of said motor for dynamically braking said motor by short-circuiting the capacitor thereof while said motor is connected to said supply circuit.

28. A system of motor control comprising, in combination, an alternating current supply circult, a capacitor motor having a pair of windings for producing a pair of rotating magnetic fields, means for electrically establishing reversing operating connections between said circuit and said motor, and means which is independent of the rotor position of said motor for dynamically braking said motor by short-circuiting the capacitor thereof while said motor is connected to said supply circuit.

29. A system of motor control comprising, in combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having two equal quadrature related windings for producing a rotating magnetic field and a capacitor permanently connected across said windings in series, and means which is independent of the rotor position of said motor for dynamically braking said motor by short-circuiting the capacitor thereof while said motor is connected to said supply circuit.

30. In combination, an induction motor having a pair of windings one terminal of each of which is connected to a common junction point, a relay winding having its terminals connected respectively to the remaining terminals of said windings, contacts controlledv by the energization of said relay winding, a supply circuit, a connection from one side of. said supply circuit through said contacts to the electrical midpoint of said relay winding, and a connection from the other side of said supply circuit to the junction point of said windings.

31. In combination, a capacitor motor having a pair of equal phase displaced windings and a cpacitor serially connected in a closed loop, a low impedance relay winding connected in parallel with said capacitor, contacts controlled by said relay winding, a source of alternating current, a connection between one side of said source of alternating current through said contacts to the electrical midpoint of said relay winding, and a connection from the other side of said source to the junction of said windings.

32. In combination, an alternating current circuit, a capacitor motor, two sets of control contacts for respectively controlling intermediate relays, each of said relays having contacts which when. closed by the energization of their respective relays complete circuits between said motor and said circuit for causing forward and reverse operation respectively, an auxiliary relay, each of said-relays having contacts which are closed when said relays are deenergized, a connection from one side of the capacitor of said motor through said last mentioned contacts and the winding or the auxiliary relay in series, said auxiliary relay winding having a relatively low impedance, said auxiliary relay when energized closing a set of contacts, and connections between one side of said alternating current circult and the electrical midpoint of the auxiliary relay winding through the contacts of said auxiliary relay.

33. In combination, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor having a phasesplitting capacitor, electrical connections between said circuit and said motor, and electroresponsive means responsive to the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage across the capacitor of said motor for controlling the electrical connections between said motor and said circuit.

34. In a motor control system, an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor provided with a phase-splitting capacitor, means for making electrical braking connections for the motor with said circuit, said connections producing a voltage across said capacitor and electroresponsive means responsive to one of a plurality of components of the voltage across the capacitor of said motor for controlling the maintenance of said braking connection.

35. In a system of motor control, a capacitor motor provided with a phase-splitting capacitor, a resistor and a reactance connected in series across said capacitor, means for establishing electrical braking connections for the motor with said circuit, said connections producing a voltage nent of the voltage drop across the capacitor for controlling the maintenance 0! said braking connections.

3'7. In combination. an alternating current supply circuit, a capacitor motor, separate relays for controlling connections between said motor and said circuit for forward and reverse operation, an auxiliary relay for controlling plugging connections between said motor and said circuit, means for energizing said auxiliary relay with either one of the other two relays, a resistance and an inductance connected across the capacitor of said motor, a circuit for applying the vector diii'erence between the voltage of said supply circuit and the voltage across the reactor for maintaining the relays for controlling the forward or reverse operation of the motor energized afterthe intermediate relay becomes deenergwed.

HARRY R. WEST. 20 

